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Get 2 months of Skillshare for FREE using this link: https://skl.sh/realengineering17 New vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN References: Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Narrator/Director: Brian McManus Writer: Seán McManus Co-Director: Stephanie Sammann (https://www.stephanie-sammann.com/) Co-Director: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.businessinsider.com/technology-is-changing-the-way-americans-listen-to-music-2017-11 [2] http://blog.echonest.com/post/62248127937/the-loudness-war-is-real-and-we-can-prove-it-with [3] https://thevinylfactory.com/news/record-vinyl-sales-usa-first-half-2018/ [4] https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36027867 [5]https://web.archive.org/web/20060706192816/http://www.loe.ee.upatras.gr/Comes/Notes/Nyquist.pdf [6]https://web.archive.org/web/20100208112344/http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf [7]http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/how.the.aes.began/aes_standard-playback-curve.pdf Disc Playback Characteristics , Wireless World, April 1956, p. 171. [8]http://drewdaniels.com/audible.pdf [9]http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=7326 [10]https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/25/pop-music-louder-less-acoustic [11]https://web.archive.org/web/20100825003547/http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_big_squeeze/ Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Songs: Future Yellow - Ooyy Wear The Crown - Pure Indigo A Nifty Piece Of Work - Anders Bothén Sunday - Otis McDonald Twenty Seconds Later (Instrumental Version) - Tommy Ljungberg Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Karl Andersson, Mark Govea, Hank Green, William Leu, Jason A., Chris Plays Games, Tristan Edwards, Ken Coltan, Andrew McCorkell, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Christopher Lam, Deven Warren Rathbun.

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 14.79 here: http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realengineering and using the code, "realengineering" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.statista.com/statistics/199366/number-of-ships-of-apm-maersk-in-december-2011/ [2] http://www.vesseltracking.net/article/maersk-mc-kinney-moller-container-ship [3] https://investor.maersk.com/static-files/d2de67bc-a818-4280-8f46-dd547b3cf856 [4] http://preview.thenewsmarket.com/Previews/MAER/DocumentAssets/198834.pdf [5] https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=5955 [6] https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2019/06/26/towards-a-zero-carbon-future [7] https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/18/matecconf_ijcaet-isampe2018_02058.pdf [8] http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/EN/SD-1.5.4-Bulbous%20Bow%20Design.pdf [9] https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_ShipEfficiency_20130723.pdf [10] https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/spinning-metal-sails-could-slash-fuel-consumption-emissions-cargo-ships [11] https://splash247.com/maersk-tankers-hails-real-breakthrough-with-8-2-fuel-savings-from-landmark-wind-project/ [12] https://cmacgm-group.com/en/launching-cmacgm-jacques-saad%C3%A9-world s-first-ultra-large-vessel-powered-by-lng [13] https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31012020/shipping-lines-liquefied-natural-gas-methane-leaks [14] https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/5/1581/pdf [15] https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/SEA-LNG-DNV-GL-Comparison-of-Alternative-Marine-Fuels-2019_09.pdf [16] https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage [17] https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Zero-emission-container-corridor-hydrogen-3.5.2020.pdf Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Footage Courtesy of AP Archive and Getty Images. Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

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The first 1000 people to sign up with this link get a free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/realengineering11201 New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Stephanie Sammann (https://www.stephanie-sammann.com/) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.statista.com/statistics/268363/installed-wind-power-capacity-worldwide/ [2] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-denmark-windpower/denmark-sources-record-47-of-power-from-wind-in-2019-idUSKBN1Z10KE [3] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/10/denmark-wind-windfarm-power-exceed-electricity-demand [4] https://renewablesnow.com/news/wind-produces-325-of-irelands-power-in-2019-689351/ [5] https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/haliade-x-offshore-turbine#:~:text=The%20Haliade%2DX%20offshore%20turbine,seven%20points%20above%20industry%20standard. [6] https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/wind-blades-progress-and-challenges [7] https://www.lmwindpower.com/ [8] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012087/pdf#:~:text=Introduction%20The%20maximum%20rotational%20speed,of%20the%20blades%20%5B1%5D. [9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1471084605003264 [10] https://share-ng.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/big_blades/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405896317307218 Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 11.79 here: http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realengineering and using the code, "realengineering" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.aurecongroup.com/markets/energy/hornsdale-power-reserve-impact-study [2] https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/sep/29/south-australia-blackout-explained-renewables-not-to-blame [3] https://www.energycouncil.com.au/analysis/south-australias-blackouts-not-as-simple-as-it-looks/ [4] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-windfarm-lawsuit/australian-watchdog-sues-four-wind-farm-operators-over-2016-blackout-idUSKCN1UX0AP [5] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233787246_Liquid_Metal_Batteries_Past_Present_and_Future [6] Note: Many different sources quote different figures. There are of course high margins for error when estimating the total quantity of an element on a planet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233787246_Liquid_Metal_Batteries_Past_Present_and_Future [8] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/abae37 [9] https://ambri.com/benefits/ [10] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243511830583X [11] https://ambri.com/benefits/ [12] https://about.bnef.com/blog/behind-scenes-take-lithium-ion-battery-prices/ [13] https://www.nature.com/articles/srep12967 [14] https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/arizona-battery-explosion-conventional-wisdom-safety [15] https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/terrascale-deploy-ambri-liquid-metal-battery-energos-reno-project/ [16] https://energycentral.com/c/iu/how-and-why-power-grid-cyberattacks-are-becoming-terrorists-go Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Be one of the first 500 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realengineering/ New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/ThinkingObliquely-ebook.pdf [2]https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930074026/downloads/19930074026.pdf [3] https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19870009137/downloads/19870009137.pdf [4] http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/class5-2012.pdf [5] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-081-DFRC.html [6] https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.16/2141/etd.pdf?sequence=1 https://youtu.be/pg-Qi5TYzK0?t=2161 [7] page 18 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Sweeping_Forward.pdf Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Songs: Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 14.79 here: http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realengineering and using the code, "realengineering" Watch this video on ad free on Nebula: Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) 3D Animator: Eli (social handle: TwisterEli) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/wheels/#:~:text=The%20Perseverance%20rover%20has%20six,and%20curve%2C%20making%20arcing%20turns [2]https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/zeroing-in-on-the-target [3] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/science/landing-site/ [4]https://www.mdpi.com/2411-9660/3/2/22/pdf-vor [5] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/electrical-power/ [6] https://rps.nasa.gov/about-rps/about-plutonium-238/#:~:text=Credit%3A%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20Energy,as%20a%20piece%20of%20paper. [7] https://fas.org/nuke/space/pu-ulysses.pdf [8] https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/plutonium-238-production.html [9] https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast13nov_1#:~:text=Most%20of%20the%20station s%20oxygen,hydrogen%20gas%20and%20oxygen%20gas.&text=The%20hydrogen%20is%20used%20for,is%20released%20into%20the%20atmosphere [10] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009457651630203X [11a] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/electrical-power/ [12] https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fs_moxie_150908.pdf [13] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/sample-handling/ [14] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-sample-return/ [15] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/sherloc/ [16] https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/pixl/ [17]https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-020-00740-4 [18] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/6-things-to-know-about-nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Songs: Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

This video was created in partnership with Bill Gates, inspired by his new book “How to Avoid a Climate Disaster.” Find out more here: http://gatesnot.es/2ZnGCCg Watch this video on Nebula: https://watchnebula.com/videos/real-engineering-the-truth-about-pumped-hydro Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Apr/IRENA_Energy_subsidies_2020.pdf [2] https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity [3] https://www.esb.ie/docs/default-source/education-hub/turlough-hill-power-station [4]https://smartgriddashboard.eirgrid.com/#all/generation [5] https://smartgriddashboard.eirgrid.com/#all/wind [6] https://smartgriddashboard.eirgrid.com/#all/generation?scroll=fuel [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032114003773 [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918305270#b0215 [9] https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/ireland-proposes-us-948-million-360-mw-silvermines-pumped-storage-project/#gref [10] https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/features/featurejapanese-pumped-storage-embraces-the-ocean-waves/ [11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243511830583X Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Sign up to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/realengineering Watch this video on Nebula: https://watchnebula.com/videos/real-engineering-the-insane-engineering-of-the-x15 Links to everything I do: https://beacons.ai/brianmcmanus Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Thank you to Charlie Garcia for his invaluable advice and expertise during the scripting process of this video: https://twitter.com/Astro_Chuck 3D Model provided by Clément Moreau: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/north-american-x-15-plane-bf491206ba844282949734b48b938c53 Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Fact Checker: Charlie Garcia The research for this video took about 4 weeks with the help of the reports, books, research papers, and nasa communications below. Charlie Garcia also kindly lent his expertise in rocket propulsion as a fact checker and advisor for the project. We normally show numbers on screen, but numbers got mixed up during the convoluted writing process and it’s now 12 pm the night before upload and I just can’t bring myself to link them all appropriately, but rest assured that all information in the video comes from one of the fantastic resources linked below. References [1] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-052-DFRC.html [2] https://www.amazon.com/North-American-Owners-Workshop-Manual/dp/085733767X [3] https://hackaday.com/2019/02/13/the-impossible-tech-behind-spacexs-new-engine/ [4] https://amzn.to/31AG1y0 [5] http://www.braeunig.us/space/comb-OH.htm [6] http://www.braeunig.us/space/propel.htm#:~:text=The%20petroleum%20used%20as%20rocket,liquid%20oxygen%20as%20the%20oxidizer. [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/specific-impulse [8] Page 247 https://amzn.to/31AG1y0 [9] https://amzn.to/3we33sN [10] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco-Pizzarelli/publication/321314974_Regenerative_cooling_of_liquid_rocket_engine_thrust_chambers/links/5e5ecd824585152ce804e244/Regenerative-cooling-of-liquid-rocket-engine-thrust-chambers.pdf [11] https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4230.pdf [12] https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-fluids-d_151.html [13] https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc63762/m2/1/high_res_d/19930089889.pdf [14] https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/470842main_X_15_Frontier_of_Flight.pdf [15] Page 23 https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/470842main_X_15_Frontier_of_Flight.pdf [16] Page 440 https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/470842main_X_15_Frontier_of_Flight.pdf [17] Page 16 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/279830.pdf [18] page 74 https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/470842main_X_15_Frontier_of_Flight.pdf [19] https://history.nasa.gov/x15lect/structur.html [20] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344702322_Shock-induced_heating_and_transition_to_turbulence_in_a_hypersonic_boundary_layer [21] Haynes 117 [22] Page 440 https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/470842main_X_15_Frontier_of_Flight.pdf [23] Page 444 [24] https://appel.nasa.gov/2014/10/16/this-month-in-nasa-history-the-x-15-program-set-a-record-for-speed/#:~:text=Asked%20Questions%20(FAQ s)-,This%20Month%20in%20NASA%20History%3A%20The%20X%2D15%20Program,Set%20a%20Record%20for%20Speed&text=The%20X%2D15A%2D2%20in,and%20additional%20external%20fuel%20tanks.&text=On%20October%203%2C%201967%2C%20U.S.,aircraft%20landed%20charred%20and%20broken. Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Be one of the first 500 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/RealEngineering/ New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi Sound: Graham Haerther Fact Checker: Charlie Garcia Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster References [1] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fact-sheet/ [2] https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/distinguished-alumni/2018/5/27/gary-flandro-ms60-phd67 [3] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/ [4] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/ [5] https://www.space.com/11337-human-spaceflight-records-50th-anniversary.html [6] https://mars.nasa.gov/all-about-mars/night-sky/close-approach/ [7] Rocket Propulsion Elements [8] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html [9] https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.B34291 [10] https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-dawn-spacecraft-fires-past-record-for-speed-change [11] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2020/the-propulsion-we-re-supplying-it-s-electrifying [12] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/game_changing_development/Nuclear_Thermal_Propulsion_Deep_Space_Exploration [13] https://www.space.com/nuclear-thermal-space-propulsion-momentum-grows.html [14] https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story5full.shtml & https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002954931830205X?casa_token=jqEo-O8eywQAAAAA:iTh9b5IBjrEhxVxbgH_M8xYY6HuuFEUoIXgQYCzfyZFguN6WkwPLUHR-bfRV9kN0tw22xSoU#b0160 [15] https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/SciTechBook/series1/Goebel__cmprsd_opt.pdf [16] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/nuclear-propulsion-could-help-get-humans-to-mars-faster [17] http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/physics/sobel/nucphys/pile.html#:~:text=Here%20is%20another%20important%20part,is%20not%20always%20100%20degrees. [18] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10557409.pdf Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Songs: Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 14.79 here: http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realengineering and using the code, "realengineering" Listen to our new podcast "Modulus": https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/modulus/id1534916292 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Writer: Sophia Roberts Editor: Stephanie Sammann (https://www.stephanie-sammann.com/) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References [1] https://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/sumio-iijima/the-discovery-of-carbon-nanotubes-iijima [2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000862230500607X [3] https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/lifesciences1abookv1/files/chapter_01_-_atomic_structure_and_chemical_bonding_01.pdf [4] https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemis--try_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Atomic_Orbitals [5] https://www.chemistrysteps.com/sp3-sp2-and-sp-hybridization-organic-chemistry/ [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28341 [7] https://labs.chem.ucsb.edu/zakarian/armen/01_03_lecture_01_22_2018ppt.pdf [8] https://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-properties#.YHn8b-9Kj8Y https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20324 [9] https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:722664/FULLTEXT01.pdf [10] http://przyrbwn.icm.edu.pl/APP/PDF/112/a112z308.pdf [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10959-7 [12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X13004024 [13] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201104102219.htm#:~:text=Carbon%20nanotube%20(CNT)%20forests%20are,a%20staple%20in%20many%20industries.&text=While%20scientists%20have%20been%20able,ceiling%20at%20around%202%20cm. [14] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nn401995z [15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0008622320310368?via%3Dihub [16] https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news2/newsid=56546.php [17] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359835X14000839#:~:text=Carbon%20nanotubes%20(CNTs)%20possess%20excellent,use%20with%20reinforcing%20polymer%20resin. [18] https://www.technologyreview.com/2011/09/19/117663/nanotube-cables-hit-a-milestone-as-good-as-copper/ [19] https://mainblades.com/article/this-is-what-you-should-know-about-boeing-787-lightning-protection/ [20] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867808/ Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 14.79 here: http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realengineering and using the code, "realengineering" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMet4qY3027v8KjpaDtDx-g Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h Facebook: http://facebook.com/realengineering1 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus Discord: https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Stephanie Sammann (https://www.stephanie-sammann.com/) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/ethanol-market-is-disturbing-as-hell-to-american-farmers-and-now-there-s-covid-19#:~:text=Roughly%2040%20percent%20of%20the%20U.S.%20corn%20crop%20is%20refined%20into%20ethanol [2] https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-energy/2021/01/26/biofuels-pivot-under-biden-792969 [3] https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/ [4] https://www.eubia.org/cms/wiki-biomass/fermentation/ [19] [5] https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biofuels/ethanol.php#:~:text=Ethanol%20is%20a%20renewable%20biofuel,used%20to%20make%20a%20product [19a] [6] https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36774#:~:text=Of%20the%20top%2013%20fuel,nation s%20total%20ethanol%20production%20capacity.&text=Actual%20U.S.%20production%20of%20fuel,b%2Fd)%20in%202017. [19b] [7] https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/map-croplands-united-states#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20has%20166,180%20million%20hectares%20of%20croplands. [20b] [8] https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2019/07/29/corn-americas-largest-crop-2019 [20d] [9] https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2014/04/20/its-final-corn-ethanol-is-of-no-use/?sh=a73d1eb67d35 [21b] [10] https://www.macrotrends.net/2532/corn-prices-historical-chart-data [21c] [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18045-z [21d] [12] https://www.technologyreview.com/2011/03/23/196198/ethanol-blamed-for-record-food-prices/ [21f] [13] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8 [19c] [14] https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642962837 [21a] [15] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8 [16] https://www.circleofblue.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Gerbens-Hoekstra-VanderMeer-2008-waterfootprint-bioenergy.pdf [17] https://hoptownchronicle.org/corn-growers-demand-biden-climate-plan-prioritize-ethanol/ [23a] [18] https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/santanna-how_green_is_sugarcane_ethanol.pdf [22b] [19]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152439/ [21] [20]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152439/#:~:text=The%20algal%20biofuels%20production%20chain,refining%20and%20residual%20biomass%20utilization. [21e] [21] https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/articles/researchers-strive-reduce-cost-and-time-algal-biofuel-production [25] [22] https://www.ge.com/gas-power/future-of-energy/hydrogen-fueled-gas-turbines [23] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-airplane-biofuels/airlines-get-ready-for-jet-biofuel-take-off-in-norway-idUSKBN1XV1TQ [24] https://www.neste.com/products/all-products/raw-materials/sustainably-produced-palm-oil/palm-oil-traceability#e12af6f9 [25] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-airplane-biofuels/airlines-get-ready-for-jet-biofuel-take-off-in-norway-idUSKBN1XV1TQ Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creato Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Sign up to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/realengineering New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Links to everything I do: https://beacons.ai/brianmcmanus Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: [1] https://www.carbonbrief.org/aviation-consume-quarter-carbon-budget [2] https://www.ge.com/gas-power/products/gas-turbines/lm6000 [3] http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/7031/ge-powers-turbines-with-ethanol-in-brazil/#:~:text=Two%20of%20GE s%2043.5%20megawatt,to%20be%20powered%20by%20ethanol. [4] https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/operations/documents/aviation-tech-review.pdf [5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/petroleum [6] https://nwfuel.ca/whats-deal-winter-diesel/ [7] https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/war-damage-reports/uss-franklin-cv-13-war-damage-report-no-56.html [8] https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ethanol-water-d_989.html & https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethanol#:~:text=Ethanol%20appears%20as%20a%20clear,Vapors%20are%20heavier%20than%20air. [9] https://www.engineering.iastate.edu/brl/files/2011/10/brl_biomassprop_volumetricenergydensity.pdf & https://neutrium.net/properties/specific-energy-and-energy-density-of-fuels/ [10] https://www.pnas.org/content/117/23/12576 [11] https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2021/03/aviation-leaders-launch-first-inflight-100-sustainable-aviation-fuel-emissions-study-on-commercial-passenger-jet.html [12] https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-study-confirms-biofuels-reduce-jet-engine-pollution [13] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-airplane-biofuels/airlines-get-ready-for-jet-biofuel-take-off-in-norway-idUSKBN1XV1TQ [14] https://simpleflying.com/sas-2019-financial-results/ [15] https://news.stanford.edu/2019/03/18/new-way-generate-hydrogen-fuel-seawater/ [16] https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage [17] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002007116303240#:~:text=However%2C%20hydrogen%20compression%20to%20700,L%20for%20gasoline%20%5B22%5D. [18] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032197000075 [19] I can’t be arsed to find a reference for this one. I have a masters degree in aeronautical engineering, just trust me. [20] https://www.airbus.com/innovation/zero-emission/hydrogen/zeroe.html Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Sign up to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/realengineering Get a free month of Nebula with any Real Engineering merch: https://store.nebula.app/collections/real-engineering Links to everything I do: https://beacons.ai/brianmcmanus Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel References: References: [1] https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Aircraft-FE-Trends_20150902.pdf [2] https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2010/t_5.html#:~:text=Employing%20APB s%20Blended%20Winglets%2C%20a,percent%20fuel%20savings%2C%20says%20Stowell [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376042118301465 [4] Page 19 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond_tube-and-wing_tagged.pdf [5] https://www.statista.com/statistics/655057/fuel-consumption-of-airlines-worldwide/#:~:text=Commercial%20airlines%20worldwide%20%2D%20fuel%20consumption%202005%2D2021&text=The%20global%20fuel%20consumption%20by,52%20billion%20gallons%20in%202020. [6] https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.9084 [7] https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/123360/b-2-accident-report-released/ [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809919308641 [9] Page 81 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond_tube-and-wing_tagged.pdf [10] https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.9084 [11] Page 20 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond_tube-and-wing_tagged.pdf [12] Webinar by Mark Page a pioneer in the blended wing body design. https://youtu.be/x0vYuPmOPYE & https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/induced.html [13] https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-787-dreamliner-777x-cabin-pressure-jetlag-2016-9 [14] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359836818321784 [15] Page 13 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.9084 [16] https://www.boeing.com/history/products/b-2-spirit.page [17] Page 22 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.9084 [18] Page 1 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.9084 Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung

Sign up to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/realengineering Links to everything I do: https://beacons.ai/brianmcmanus Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Editor: Dylan Hennessy Animator: Mike Ridolfi Sound: Graham Haerther Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster [References] [1] http://aerorocket.com/Nozzle/Validate/Tshock/Shock.html [2] https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/clouds/cloud_development/clouds.htm [3] https://www.zehnderamerica.com/absolute-vs-relative-humidity-whats-the-difference/ [4] https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/expans.html [5] https://twitter.com/DrChrisCombs/status/1300787794793713664 [6] http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/alaeian2/ Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Songs: Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Thomas Barth, Johnny MacDonald, Stephen Foland, Alfred Holzheu, Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Binghaith, Brent Higgins, Dexter Appleberry, Alex Pavek, Marko Hirsch, Mikkel Johansen, Hibiyi Mori. Viktor Józsa, Ron Hochsprung