Get the Eons calendar here: https://store.dftba.com/collections/eons/products/eons-calendar-2024 ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to....

Take the PBS Digital Studios Audience Survey: https://to.pbs.org/pbssurvey2023u The Eons Calendar: https://store.dftba.com/collections/eons What graptolites tell us is a story of incredible...

Order the 2024 Eons calendar here! https://dftba.com/Eons Of course, the ancient Egyptians were probably not the first people to ever wear clothing, but we haven’t found any clothes older...

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ↓ More info below ↓ 90 million years ago, an ancient snake known as Najash had...legs. It is by no means the only snake to have limbs either. But what’s even stranger: we’re not at all sure where it came from. Produced for PBS Digital Studios. Thanks to Franz Anthony, Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the snake illustrations. You can find more of their work here: Julio Lacerda: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda Franz Anthony: https://252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Wiens_et_al_Evolution_2006.pdf Locomotion in sea snakes: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00265.x/pdf Ear bones in mammals: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552421/ Skinks: https://www.livescience.com/3053-evolution-action-lizards-losing-limbs.html Pachyrhachis lifestyle: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969909386578 Snake defining features: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/serpentes_snakes.html Hsiang & Field 2015 Summary: https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2015/05/20/limbless-triumph-origin-diversification-snakes/ 2012: Zaher at al. think Dinylisia is a sister taxon to all extant snakes: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00755.x/abstract 2015 news story on Tetrapodophis: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/07/four-legged-snake-fossil-stuns-scientists-and-ignites-controversy Another 2015 story on Tetrapodophis: http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/23/a-fossil-snake-with-four-legs/ 2015 news story on Eophis: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/remarkable-fossils-push-back-snake-origins-by-65-million-years/ 2017 thesis on mosasaurs that makes it quite clear that there’s still quite a bit unresolved in the evolutionary relationships: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/c4x51hj54w#.WiXVU9WnG3A varanids (monitor lizards): http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanidae/ Coniophis (65 million years young): https://news.yale.edu/2012/07/25/few-bones-most-primitive-snake-emerges Toxicofera paper: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2 See the "Bitter Realities about Squamate Phylogeny" section on this page: https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol431/lectures/17blepidosauria.html Tetrapodophis actually aquatic?, paper proposes: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094 2013 paper w/the 4000 species: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2 file:///home/chronos/u-e54db2a63a5b8e4345d3372e31d0632282c76ec5/Downloads/apestiguiazaher_nature06-0001.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04413 2017: Norisophis http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116302014 Nidophis: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.764882 Coniophis: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/first-prehistoric-snake-slithered-out-on-land-not-at-sea/ https://www.livescience.com/27845-snakes.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/serpentes_snakes.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552421/ https://watermark.silverchair.com/j.1096-3642.2009.00511.x.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAdAwggHMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggG9MIIBuQIBADCCAbIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMRzwNfprt0x5FaRYBAgEQgIIBg6jXei7ktTZ6OT9JEIBHqHcP6NWoN8ZQ3V8_8f66h9XGJCbZJFE-HpZlZe3ABqOsTfbKwzTP81PkIXEWg8HsNOPU_tmhudWMaIfEgvXSQmB4qvJzcsn3yORkxFW6-X3qxh59JsBP-Na4UvRKMOKFUckpX4ugYYEUkunPbG6Tb0a-h_EaaerhpTFAJfihmZ6rEd1ebBgO09AtOmtNNR61TCts3zl3efZILYC-UsonaXe-XIea5HQg5MzVb5Ye3iXbc57hDH6p0t99RTVwCVtFasUXVqpxT0Oyx0oAIjD_vrn9-_DpRCKzgEmrEGOddLVypCn_p5H07a3nucJMqBhQ4xHE8bBVIKVHjDLdLH1yQIW2Fh5pFHZPB-6ONI3TFQ68EZnHHf2o9IywK3s_3vrHn8IXFnAEI7xKLHvTzPr7F8f_UGcAbyV6ryMH_Mz9JjE90mlMvEHjFRqnxFxaR9zHv3ETHDYE-jenctA74ec4XX2pxkpFSPOf2bmWqXncoCxkxKz9wA http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969909386578 https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2015/05/20/limbless-triumph-origin-diversification-snakes/

Check out It’s Okay To Be Smart’s video for more about the origins of life on earth: https://youtu.be/_uAJY1mqtw4 And check out PBS Space Time’s video on the physics of life: https://youtu.be/GcfLZSL7YGw PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons The search for our origins goes back to a single common ancestor -- one that remains shrouded in mystery. It’s the ancestor of everything we know and today scientists call it the last universal common ancestor, or LUCA. Produced for PBS Digital Studios. Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol2016116 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/looking-for-luca-the-last-universal-common-ancestor/ http://microbialcell.com/researcharticles/physiology-phylogeny-and-luca/ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/poolepaper.html http://we.vub.ac.be/~dglg/Web/Teaching/Les/Discussions/Pre-biotic/Moreira-LUCA.pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/7/2/27/htm https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-017-9542-5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176008/ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/buds-of-the-tree-the-highway-to-the-last-universal-common-ancestor/ED26AA7787BA5A152090913CC7C20067 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035042 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740227 https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6150-8-32 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250805002676 https://www.saylor.org/content/BIO_Kimball/users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GenomeSizes.html

How did ants take over the world? Well, it looks like they didn’t achieve world domination all by themselves. They may have just been riding the wave of a totally different evolutionary explosion...

The Eons Calendar: https://store.dftba.com/collections/eons The journey the thunder beasts took to reach such mega proportions from such humble beginnings forces us to ask an important question,...

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ↓ More info below ↓ These odd rodents belong to a genus known as Ceratogaulus, but they’re more commonly called horned gophers, because, you guessed it, they had horns. And it turns out the horns probably had a purpose - one that rodents would likely benefit from today. Samantha Hopkins’ 2005 paper on Ceratogaulus with figures featured in this episode (Thanks, Samantha!): https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2005.3171#d3e609 Thanks to Ceri Thomas (https://nixillustration.com), Lucas Lima (https://252mya.com/gallery/lucas-lima), R. Bruce Horsfall, and Roman Uchytel for allowing us to use their wonderful paleoart in this episode. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Matt D, Yu Mei, Colleen Troussel, Dan Ritter, Ian Greenblatt, Drew Hart, Amanda Straw, Stephanie TanMinyuan Li, Olesya Mikulskaya, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Jack Arbuckle, David Sewall, Anton Bryl, Missy Elliott Smith, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Andrey, Ilya Murashov, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Todd Dittman, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Betsy Radley, Anthony Callaghan, Laura Sanborn, PS, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Henrik Peteri, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson, Chandler Bass, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill. If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-PyJkHPaRl2bAV83lNJBXWfFTDlg-6Npz-zyGSRTpds/edit?usp=sharing

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ↓ More info below ↓ It arose from rhino ancestors that were a lot smaller, but Paraceratherium would take a different evolutionary path. Believe it or not, it actually became so big that it probably got close to what scientists think might be the actual upper limit for a land mammal.  The illustration of Paraceratherium used in the thumbnail is by Dmitry Bogdanov! Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Hillary Ryde-Collins, Facts Dinosaurs, Frida Coffey, YaBoiSam36, Matt D, Yu Mei, Colleen Troussel, Dan Ritter, Drew Hart, faxo, Gary Walker, Stephanie Tan, Minyuan Li, Ben Cooper, Olesya Mikulskaya, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Jack Arbuckle, David Sewall, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Andrey, Ilya Murashov, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Laura Sanborn, PS, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Henrik Peteri, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson, Chandler Bass, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill, Anthony Callaghan. If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/109ZmNyIVhU8Qkp-mcYpqLJa276E8c6c_YPVTvISZU-s/edit?usp=sharing

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ↓ More info below ↓ Check out Animal Wonders and Huckleberry! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONb2FVNe-7o&list=PL2Ol2gat902eYrXakcgw0FSS86fF0Ix6W&index=1 It’s important to us that you understand how big this beaver was. Just like modern beavers, it was semiaquatic -- it lived both on the land and in the water. The difference is that today’s beavers do a pretty special thing - one that the giant beaver probably didn’t, or couldn’t, do. Thank you to these paleoartists for allowing us to use their wonderful illustrations: Julio Lacerda (including the thumbnail for this video!): https://twitter.com/JulioTheArtist Ceri Thomas: https://nixillustration.com Fabrizio de Rossi: https://www.facebook.com/ArtofFabricious/ Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Julie Cohen, salsablog.band, Michael Hof, Sean C. Kennedy, Eric Roberto, Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Facts Dinosaurs, Frida, YaBoiSam36, Matthew Donnelly, Yu Mei, Colleen Troussel, Dan Ritter, faxo, Gary Walker, Amanda Straw, Stephanie Tan, Laura Sanborn, simon read, Minyuan Li, Ben Cooper, Leonid, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Andrey, Ilya Murashov, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony Callaghan, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Henrik Peteri, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/10gSYaXja63_rOvo_BBq7p0Q14KQc8lCbx9ay_aAhkXA/edit?usp=sharing

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ↓ More info below ↓ In the late 1800s, paleontologists in Nebraska found...

Check out Historian s Take: https://youtu.be/8mXaccYFKRQ Our podcast episode on the origins of dinosaurs: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/what-was-the-first-dinosaur/id1610360633?i=1000557071492 We tend to think that evolution only goes in one direction— toward getting bigger and more advanced. But that’s not always the case. This tiny, simple animal, the Myxozoans, (yes, animal!) evolved from something bigger and more complex. ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Katherine Harriger, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Frida, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, John Pollock, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16V2YneECTlfNXJn281M5DEEXfIbScfSw_NZmJmPk8tU/edit?usp=sharing

Listen to the first three episodes of Eons: Mysteries of Deep Time: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eons-mysteries-of-deep-time/id1610360633 While sour taste s original purpose was to warn vertebrates of danger, in a few animal groups, including us, its role has reversed. The taste of danger became something it was dangerous for us to avoid. Thanks to Ceri Thomas (https://nixillustration.com/) and Julio Lacerda (https://twitter.com/JuliotheArtist) for the excellent reconstructions featured in this video! ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Katherine Harriger, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Frida, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, John Pollock, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sRTLbmyCaCdVrN2RVy7p4yEi2T0sFc6RJQnTtWqAxtQ/edit?usp=sharing

Thank you to Wondrium for Supporting PBS. For more information and a trial go to http://ow.ly/vcZO30sfmar. Listen to Eons: Mysteries of Deep Time: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eons-mysteries-of-deep-time/id1610360633 Only a handful of Denisovan fossils have been identified. In the absence of actual body fossils, it’s impossible for us to reconstruct their morphology, right? Big thanks to Julio Lacerda (https://twitter.com/JulioTheArtist) for the excellent Denisovan reconstruction featured in this video! ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Katherine Harriger, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Frida, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, John Pollock, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Z0E8QeqyFfzvv1Jcs82Q4_qL1AWq-61vc2Gz8_b5nm8/edit?usp=sharing

While we’ve been farming for around 10,000 to 12,000 years, the ancestors of ants have been doing it for around 60 million years. So when, and how, and why did ants start … farming? Thanks to Franz Anthony (https://franzanth.com) for the excellent ant reconstruction featured in this episode! ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael, McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GM_xyjWlZ4Wq359onamqqlx1uPkJb5w96jBN5ZWg_Rk/edit?usp=sharing

A mysterious, large feline roamed Eurasia during the last ice age. Its fossils have been found across the continent, and it’s been the subject of ancient artwork. So what exactly were these big cats? Thanks to Ceri Thomas and Roman Uchytel their reconstructions featured in this episode! ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael, McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ym8_kNJiSFpxW2J_B5Fj-z2mUYyW9hLZHCbsnr3XYL8/edit?usp=sharing

Fossil evidence suggests Diictodon used burrows to breed, and that a parent stayed behind to feed and protect their young. And the parent that stayed behind? It might’ve been the male. Thanks to Julio Lacerda (https://twitter.com/JuliotheArtist) and Ceri Thomas (https://nixillustration.com) for the Diictodon reconstructions featured in this episode. Thanks to Corwin Sullivan, Diane Scott and Robert Reisz for their image demonstrating Diictodon s sexual dimorphism. And thank you to Roger M.H. Smith, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Julien Benoit, and Vincent Fernandez for allowing us to show images from these burrow discoveries! https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110311 ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Sophie Parsons, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Brett Clark, Raphael Haase, Lyndsey McGill, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, Kip Obenauf, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Aziza Ashling, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael, McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lrPRv8NGswmxRXNbGNwYMKZ5pBt_aGF7oZfqTtLVwwg/edit?usp=sharing

In the quest to understand how evolution basically built the woolly mammoth, we may have found the blueprints for building them ourselves. Thanks to Julio Lacerda (https://twitter.com/JuliotheArtist), Roman Uchytel (https://prehistoric-fauna.com), and Dmitry Bogdanov for the mammoth art featured in this episode! ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Heather Wagnon, Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Raphael Haase, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian, Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Albert Folsom, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Steven G, Dan Caffee, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ws4UR3jylMjllIRhrAsPxkM9o4IqBCdtTfW9t40EgCI/edit?usp=sharing

Paleodictyon, a hexagonal-patterned fossil, is a bit of a mystery. We don’t even know if it’s a trace fossil, or the organism itself. So… what could it be? ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Heather Wagnon, Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Raphael Haase, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian, Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Albert Folsom, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Steven G, Dan Caffee, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V8GGqulrwVW-3axqWm2w3WmWPX3J7U6FChFF2sEIFp4/edit?usp=sharing

In 2003, microbiologists made a huge discovery. One that would force us to reconsider a lot of what we thought we knew about the evolution of microbial life: giant viruses. ***** PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to http://to.pbs.org/DonateEons ***** Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible: Heather Wagnon, Sam & Matt, Kyle Brown, Stephen Patterson, Mark Foster, Karen Farrell, Trevor Long, Raphael Haase, daniel blankstein, Roberto Adrian, Ramirez Flores, Jason Rostoker, Jonathan Rust, Avery Sanford, Mary Tevington, Bart & Elke van Iersel - De Jong, William Craig II, Tracey, James Dowling-Healey, Irene Wood, Derek Helling, WilCatRhClPPh33, Mark Talbott-Williams, Nomi Alchin, Eric Roberto Rodriguez, Hillary Ryde-Collins, Yu Mei, Dan Ritter, 4th_phase, Jayme Coyle, Albert Folsom, Oscar Amoros Huguet, Patrick Wells, Steven G, Dan Caffee, Stephanie Tan, Nick Ryhajlo, Sean Dennis, Ben Cooper, Robert Noah, Matt Parker, Heathe Kyle Yeakley, Jerrit Erickson, Anton Bryl, MissyElliottSmith, Stefan Weber, Merri Snaidman, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Anthony, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Eric Vonk, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Chandler Bass, Tsee Lee, Robert Hill If you d like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards! Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/ References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11ovoiyeT1shrOEFzLxUYpii3_2nQvwIttmB8PA0OkmA/edit?usp=sharing