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Descartes’ Error is a 1994 book by the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio which outlines the somatic marker hypothesis, a theory about how the mind and body not only interact, but are indissociable. Damasio argues that those feelings provide what he calls ‘somatic markers’ for the mind that aid decision making. They point us in the right (or wrong) direction. The rationalist or Cartesian view – what Damasio calls the ‘high-reason’ view – suggests that our mind is like a computer. We’re running through all of this incomplete knowledge about the job – the commute, the career prospects, the people, the location, while weighing up the advantages and disadvantages as if its a ledger. But Damasio writes ‘you will lose track. Attention and working memory have a limited capacity.’ This is where somatic markers come in. He writes: ‘before you apply any kind of cost/benefit analysis to the premises, and before you reason toward the solution of the problem, something quite important happens: When the bad outcome connected with a given response option comes into mind, however fleetingly, you experience an unpleasant gut feeling. Because the feeling is about the body, I gave the phenomenon the technical term somatic state.’ He continues: The somatic marker ‘forces attention on the negative outcome to which a given action may lead, and functions as an automated alarm signal which says: Beware the danger ahead if you choose the option which leads to this outcome. The signal may reject, immediately, the negative course of action and thus make you choose among other alternatives.’ Somatic markers – the collection of feelings we get from bodily and mental impulses – highlight certain options for us to deliberate while eliminating others. They’re a kind of screening process. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Subscribe to the podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/then-now-philosophy-history-politics/id1499254204 https://open.spotify.com/show/1Khac2ih0UYUtuIJEWL47z Credits: Damasio Photo: Fronteiras do Pensamento, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Some sources: Georges Dicker, Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction Rene Descartes, Meditations Anthony Damasio, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain Antonio Damasio & Marco Verweij, The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and Political Life The Cambridge Companion to Descartes and Cartesianism The Oxford Companion to Descartes

►Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: ► http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more...

I look at short-termism in business, politics, and academia. In the History Manifesto, historians Jo Guldi and David Armitage argue for a return to long term thinking to help us deal creatively...

This is an introduction to Hegel s thought through the philosophy of the Sopranos. I look at Tony Soprano s torn identities while introducing concepts like the dialectic, the negation of the negation and Geist. While also looking at Hegel s interest in Antigone by Sophocles and its relevance to the Soprano s today. These are themes out of Hegel s thought in works like the Phenomenology of Spirit, the Science of Logic, and the Lectures on the Philosophy of History. I also look at the psychology of the Sopranos. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net

I look at some of the attempts by the European Union to create a sense of a shared European Identity. Can symbols and events be used to try to legitimize the EU or will national identity always be stronger? Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Jacobs, D. and Maier, R, European Identity, Construct, Fact and Fiction, http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~dijacobs/belgacom/europa.pdf Schilde, K. E. (2014), Who are the Europeans?. J Common Mark Stud, 52: 650-667. doi:10.1111/jcms.12090 Smith, Anthony D. "National Identity and the Idea of European Unity." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 68, no. 1 (1992): 55-76. doi:10.2307/2620461. European Identity: Symbols to Sport, http://aei.pitt.edu/10610/1/10610.pdf Kantner, Cathleen. “Collective Identity as Shared Ethical Self-Understanding: The Case of the Emerging European Identity.” European Journal of Social Theory 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 501–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431006073016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnTFxOHZafs&t=1454s Credits: Footage provided by: © European Communities, 1957, 1970, 1971, 1976, 2003 © European Union, 2018 Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net What Does Anybody Know About Anything by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

The anthropologist Clifford Geertz s influential method for the interpretation of other cultures was what we termed thick description . In this video, I take an introduction to Geertz s thought and look at his seminal essay - Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Ed. By, J. Alexander, P. Smith, M. Norton, Interpreting Clifford Geertz: Cultural Investigation in the Social Sciences C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures T.H. Eriksen, Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net

What was it like to live through the American Revolution? It’s easy, with the aid of retrospect, to think of the American Revolution as a binary battle between independence-seeking Americans and the tyrannical and oppressive British. Freedom loving businessmen and antiquated Royalists and Imperialists. But for many Americans, the revolutionary period was much more confusing – life, of course, was as much about life as it was about politics and the philosophy of rights. We can see this struggle through the life of the Bostonian painter John Singleton Copley, who may have left subtle but powerful political messages and questions in the art he left behind. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Magic Forest by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1400056 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

What s the difference between philosophy and the history of philosophy? The history of philosophy, in history departments, is called either the history of ideas or intellectual history, and the subtle differences in methodology produce wildly different results. I look at this topic through Arthur Lovejoy, Quentin Skinner, and Dominick LaCapra. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Wisps of Whorls Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

I explore Martin Heidegger s essay The Question Concerning Technology and use it to analyze Social Media. Heidegger built on Aristotle s four causes to show how technology says something more fundamental about Being, veritas and Gestell (enframing). Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Music: I am a Man Who Will Fight For Your Honor by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Heidegger Image: Photograph of Martin Heidegger. Detail of a phototograph entitled : "W 134 Nr. 060678b - Hausen: Festakt, in der Reihe, Kultusminister Storz, Prof. Heidegger, Dichtel". Additional reference : Teilbestand W 134 (Neg. BaWü), Teil 1 - Fotosammlung Willy Pragher: Filmnegative Baden-Württemberg, Teil 1. http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/plink/?f=5-226344 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Based loosely on Keith Jenkins’ Rethinking History, this video looks at postmodernism effect on the writing of history, and how ideology, methodology and epistemology shape how history is written. I also look at Margaret Appleby, Lynn Hunt and Margaret Jacob’s Telling the Truth About History, which emphasises how the history of America has changed over time. Thomas Kuhn’s paradigms and Michel Foucault’s epistemes make a guest appearance! Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Keith Jenkins, Rethinking History. Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth About History. Richard Evans, In Defence of History. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States. Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

I introduce the thought of Gilles Deleuze through his 1968 book, Difference and Repetition. I look at Deleuze s basic concepts - especially difference, repetition and the virtual; his relationship to philosophers like Spinoza and Kant; and how he provides some of the ontological foundations for other poststructural or postmodern theorists like Foucault and Derrida. I also look at the relationship between the virtual, the Idea and the multiplicity - all important concepts for understanding the rest of Deleuze s work. This introduction should serve to give a fuller understanding of ideas like the Rhizome, the haecceity and lines of flight that are a large part of his later work with Félix Guattari - a Thousand Plateaus. Most importantly, I try to make understanding Deleuze as simple as possible! Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Foucault Image: By Nemomain This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Foucault.jpg) Edited by Lewis Waller Image of Derrida: By Chinmoy Guha This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Foucault.jpg) Edited by Lewis Waller Image of Deleuze: By trenutna https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Gilles_deleuze.jpg This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Foucault.jpg) Edited by Lewis Waller Music: Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

An introduction to Essay 2 in Nietzsche s Genealogy of Morality, Guilt, Bad Conscience and Related Matters. I look at some of the fundamental concepts from a critical perspective. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Foucault Image: By Nemomain This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Foucault.jpg) Edited by Lewis Waller Image of Derrida: By Chinmoy Guha This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chinmoy_Guha_with_Derrida.jpg) Edited by Lewis Waller Image of Deleuze: By trenutna https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Gilles_deleuze.jpg This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Edited by Lewis Waller Image of Martin Heidegger (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heidegger_2_(1960).jpg I Should Have Been More Human by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

I look at the first chapter of a Thousand Plateaus on the Rhizome. This is one of Deleuze and Guattari s most well-known concepts, and can serve as a useful image or metaphor for Deleuze s entire philosophy. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Van Der Klei, Alice. "Repeating the Rhizome." SubStance 31, no. 1 (2002): 48-55. doi:10.2307/3685805. Marco Abel. "Speeding Across the Rhizome: Deleuze Meets Kerouac On the Road." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 48, no. 2 (2002): 227-256. https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed December 18, 2018). Deleuze and Guatarri, A Thousand Plateaus Credits: Macro slow motion footage of a swam of ants Swarm of ants CC-BY NatureClip http://www.natureclip.co.uk

What is the primary cause of an event or action? How do we look at the causes of the big political shifts of the past few years; Brexit, Trump, Populism. The Marxist philosopher, Louis Althusser, in an essay titled ‘Contradiction and Overdetermination’ argued that ruptures are overdetermined – it’s the plurality of causes that create a shift, but driven by economic determinism ‘in the last instance.’ Karl Polanyi disputed Marx’s economic determinism, arguing, along with Keynes, that it was ideas that drove history, not economics. I look at determinism in context with identity politics and the linguistic turn and poststructural turn of the mid-twentieth century. Is there anything we can learn? Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: McMurtry, John. "Making Sense of Economic Determinism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 3, no. 2 (1973): 249-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40230440. Jack Amariglio, Stephen E Cullenberg, David F Ruccio, Post-Modernism, Economics and Knowledge Claus Thomasberger (2012) The Belief in Economic Determinism, Neoliberalism, and the Significance of Polanyi s Contribution in the Twenty-First Century, International Journal of Political Economy, 41:4, 16-33, DOI: 10.2753/IJP0891-191641040 Althusser, Louis, Contradiction and Overdetermination, For Marx Barnett, Anthony, The Lure of Greatness Newsnight, It’s the Economy Stupid, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06qb6h0 Wolf, Martin, From Brexit to Trump (Lecture), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4jok3RpvXM&t=926s Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net What Does Anybody Know About Anything? by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Can we trust our own experience of the world? How does our experience fit into a wider narrative? I look at how experience, memory and evidence become more problematic than we might imagine, through Joan Scott s influential essay, the Evidence of Experience, and Alan Megill s Historical Knowledge, Historical Error. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Alan Megill, Historical Knowledge, Historical Error: A Contemporary Guide to Practice Lynn Hunt, The Evidence of Experience Proust, In Search of Lost Time https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/30/world/acquittal-jerusalem-israel-court-sets-demjanjuk-free-but-he-now-without-country.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net John Demjanjuk Photo (Israel Government Press Office): https://www.flickr.com/photos/government_press_office/6470376309/ (Creative Commons 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ Make America Great Again Hat, https://www.flickr.com/photos/gageskidmore/27149010964 (Creative Commons 2.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are often seen as having opposing views about how to achieve equality and black rights. In his autobiography, Stride Towards Freedom, King emphasizes calmness and always non-violence. Whereas Malcolm X, in his autobiography, emphasized freedom by any means necessary, through the Nation of Islam and possibly Black Nationalism. The Civil Rights Movement was defined by these figures, but what if they were two sides of a single coin? What if both rationality and emotion are necessary for social action and for rendering what W.E.B du Bois called, in the Souls of Black Folks, the veil. Original Score by August Aghast: The Veil Servant of Two Masters Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/augustaghast Twitter: https://twitter.com/augustaghast Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Du Bois, W.E.B., The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois (U.S.A.: International Publishers Co. Inc., 1968) Du Bois, W.E.B., The Souls of Black Folk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) Fanon, Frantz, Black Skin White Masks (London: Pluto Press, 2008) Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso, 1993) Hegel, G.W.F., Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, vol. 1, ed. and trans. by Robert F. Brown & Peter C. Hodgson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) Hegel, G.W.F., The Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. by A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) Heidegger Martin, Being and Time, trans. by John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson (Oxford: Blackwell, 1962) Luther-King Jr., Martin, Stride Towards Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2010) Luther-King Jr., Martin, The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr., ed. by Carson Clayson (London: Abacus, 2000) Smith, Sidonie, Where I’m Bound: Patterns of Slavery and Freedom in Black Autobiography (Westport: Praeger, 1974) Taylor, Charles, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975) X, Malcolm and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1973) X, Malcolm, Malcolm X Speaks, ed. by George Breitman (New York: Grove Press, 1965) Abu-Lughod, Lila and Catherine A. Lutz, Introduction: Emotion Discourse and the Politics of Everyday Life , in Language and the Politics of Emotion, ed. Abu-Lughod and Lutz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) Bourke, Joanna, ‘Fear and Anxiety: Writing About Emotion in Modern History’ in History Workshop Journal, no. 55 (2003), pp. 111-133 Brodwin, Stanley, ‘The Veil Transcended: Form and Meaning in W.E.B Du Bois’ “The Souls of Black Folk”’ in Journal of Black Studies, vol. 2, no. 3 (1972), pp. 303-321 Clasby, Nancy, ‘The Autobiography of Malcolm X: A Mythic Paradigm’ in Journal of Black Studies, vol. 5, no. 1 (1974), pp. 18-34 Cone, James H., ‘Martin and Malcolm on Nonviolence and Violence’ in Phylon, vol. 49, no. 3/4, (2001), pp. 173-183 Du Bois, W.E.B., ‘The Negro in Art and Literature’ in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 49 (1913), pp. 233-237 Edwards, Brent Hayes, ‘Introduction’ in Du Bois, W.E.B., The Souls of Black Folk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) El-Beshti, Basher M., ‘The Semiotics of Salvation: Malcolm X and the Autobiographical Self’ in The Journal of Negro History, vol. 82, no. 4 (1997), pp. 359-367 Homer, Bruce. ‘”Students’ Right,” English Only, and Re-Imagining the Politics of Language’ in College English, vol. 63, no. 6 (2001), pp. 741-758 Houlgate, Stephen, ‘Introduction’, A Companion to Hegel (Oxford: Blackwell, 2011) Jones, William R., ‘Liberation Struggles in Black Theology: Mao, Martin or Malcolm?’ in Philosophy Born of Struggle, ed. by L. Harris (Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 1983) Lawson Steven F., ‘Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement’ in The American Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 2 (1991), pp 456-471 Miller, K.D., ‘Plymouth Rock Landed on Us: Malcolm X’s Whiteness Theory as a Basis for Alternative Literacy’ in College Composition and Communication, vol. 56, no. 2 (2004), pp. 199-222 Rogers, Raymond and Jimmy N. Rogers, ‘The Evolution of the Attitude of Malcolm X towards whites’ in Phylon, vol. 44, no. 2 (1983), pp. 108-115

►Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: ► http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: ► https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 ►Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow ►Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ ►Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller ►TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@thethenandnow Sign up for the Newsletter to get digestible concise summaries: ►https://www.thenandnow.co/the-newsletter/ Subscribe to the podcast: ► Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/then-now-philosophy-history-politics/id1499254204 ► Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1Khac2ih0UYUtuIJEWL47z

Affect Theory is a field that arose out of the ‘affective turn’ of the mid-90’s, influenced by thinkers like Spinoza, Bergson and Deleuze. I take a look at some of the foundational ideas, especially through the work of Brian Massumi (Parables of the Virtual) and Eve Sedgwick (Touching Feeling). The video looks at attempts to overcome the dualistic mind-body divide, so dominant in western thought. I also look at how Sedgwick draws upon the work of Judith Butler and Performative Utterances. Original Score by August Aghast: Affected Servant of Two Masters Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/augustaghast Twitter: https://twitter.com/augustaghast Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Melissa Greg and Gregory J. Seigworth, The Affect Theory Reader Patricia Ticineti Clough with Jean Halley, The Affective Turn Brian Massumi, Parables of the Virtual Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Touching, Feeling Ruth Leys, The Turn to Affect: A Critique, Critical Inquriry, 27, 3 (2011) Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Arrows Animation created by MultiVerse Studio / #MVStudio →Please Subscribe Youtube: https://goo.gl/XPHJRk →Watch More Green Screen Effects: https://goo.gl/xWUbiY →Follow Us On Twitter: https://twitter.com/Team_MVM Eve Sedgwick Photo: I, DavidShankbone [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick_by_David_Shankbone.jpg

I try and take a fresh perspective on the Limits of the Market primarily through three thinkers: Michael Sandel (What Money Can t Buy: The Moral Limits of the Market), Paul de Grauwe (The Limits of Markets), and Keith Payne (The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die). I try to synthesise these approaches and draw out one concept - externalities - that can help us think about the relationship between the individual and the collective in new ways. Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018 Or send me a one-off tip of any amount and help me make more videos: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=JJ76W4CZ2A8J2 Buy on Amazon through this link to support the channel: https://amzn.to/2ykJe6L Follow me on: Facebook: http://fb.me/thethenandnow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thethenandnow/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/lewlewwaller Sources: Michael Sandel, What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of the Market Keith Payne, The Broken Ladder Paul de Grauwe, The Limits of the Markets F.A. Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism Terry Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right Richard Wilkinson, Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level James E. Mahon (2014) Economic Freedom and the Size of Government, Challenge, 57:1, 67-81, DOI: 10.2753/0577-5132570105 J. C. Ott, Government and Happiness in 130 Nations: Good Governance Fosters Higher Level and More Equality of Happiness Claus Thomasberger (2012) The Belief in Economic Determinism, Neoliberalism, and the Significance of Polanyi s Contribution in the Twenty-First Century, International Journal of Political Economy, 41:4, 16-33, DOI: 10.2753/IJP0891-1916410402 Credits: Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from https://www.videvo.net Michael Sandel Image Fronteiras do Pensamento [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)] (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Michael_Sandel_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2014_%2814186914648%29.jpg)