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FIRST VIDEO: https://youtu.be/Ve1QbQmdK3o?si=BgFfwUEiSmf4V9Ub

Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Image Credits:- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg SIMS analysis of Primaevifilum amoenum, an Apex chert microfossil found in Western Australia, is interpreted to be a methane-consuming γ-Proteobacterium. Source: J.W. Schopf, UCLA. https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/articles/2018/1/18/life-on-earth-arose-early-and-diversified-rapidly/index.html https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1866-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hills#/media/File:Quartz-pebble_metaconglomerate_(Jack_Hills_Quartzite,_Archean,_2.65_to_3.05_Ga;_Jack_Hills,_Western_Australia)_2.jpg https://theconversation.com/how-we-discovered-the-worlds-oldest-fossils-73802

Get Your Exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/earth. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! --------------------------------- Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza Time Machine Art by Joseph Ioseliani Additional Visuals by Manuel Rubio If you like our videos, check out Leila s Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist, stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid. Galaxy and space imagery from NASA and ESO. Image Credits: Cyanobacteria Asai H, Iwamori S, Kawai K, Ehira S, Ishihara J, Aihara K, Shoji S, Iwasaki H, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5, via Wikimedia Commons Jeholornis Stomach contents Hu, Han & Wang, Yan & Mcdonald, Paul & Wroe, Stephen & O Connor, Jingmai & Bjarnason, Alexander & Bevitt, Joseph & Yin, Xuwei & Xiaoting, Zheng & Zhou, Zhonghe & Benson, Roger. (2022). Earliest evidence for fruit consumption and potential seed dispersal by birds. eLife. 11. 10.7554/eLife.74751. Jeholornis prima By Tiouraren (Y.-C. Tsai) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92942014 Archaefructus_liaoningensis.jpg By Shizhao - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1288516 Tidal Flats By Kennethcgass, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Fractofusus By djpmapleferryman - https://www.flickr.com/photos/63319497@N00/3907146971/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127863124 Kimberella By James St. John - Kimberella quadrata (Ediacaran fossil) in sandstone (Ust-Pinega Formation, Ediacaran, Neoproterozoic; White Sea, Russia), CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84648596 Various Ediacaran Biota by Verisimilus at English Wikipedia, CC BY 2.5 , via Wikimedia Commons 00:00 Introduction 5:50 Hell on Earth: 4.5 - 2.5 BYA 17:59 Chasing Oxygen: 2.5 BYA to 750 MYA 37:06 Survive and Thrive: 750 MYA to present

Written & researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail art by Ettore Manza References:- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31109/ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C/abstract https://science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6110/1047.full https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004100050465 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.U52A0009M/abstract https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/07/11/what-did-the-moon-look-like-from-earth-4-billion-years-ago/#1c71bbdb1151 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_11 https://geogallery.si.edu/10026559/acasta-gneiss https://www.britannica.com/place/North-America/Tectonic-evolution#ref469360 http://www.travelinggeologist.com/2014/10/acasta-gneiss-with-annie-bauer/ https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/moon-was-produced-by-a-head-on-collision-between-earth-and-a-forming-planet https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415 https://www.britannica.com/science/Hadean-Eon https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_01.html https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation/ https://volcano.si.edu/learn_galleries.cfm?p=2 https://csmgeo.csm.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Wilson/PTRC.html Extra thanks to:- Giuseppe Donatiello Slim Sepp H. Martin, Blaise Pascal University Pedroalexandrade Tim Bertelink http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1454.html NASA/Colorado School of Mines/MIT/JPL/GSFC - http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/grail20141001.jpg NASA / JPL / Doug Ellison NASA https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140805.html

Researched and Written by William Painter Revised by Pete & David Kelly Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art Provided by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza [1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product. [2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets. [3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today. [4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history. [5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list. [6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump. [7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes. [8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites. [9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched. [10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter) Thanks to: Mitch Ames  - Moon Rock the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4398455Soerfm(moon with landing numbers) NASA/JPL-Caltech Epidemic Sound for the music

Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Eduardo Valdez References:- https://lowell.edu/history/ https://lowell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/100-Years-of-Good-Seeing-Clark-Telescope.pdf https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/mars_and_its_canals.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/content/blue-marble-image-of-the-earth-from-apollo-17/ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2015.0390 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2015.0384 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2017.0108 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869525/ https://web.archive.org/web/20111009044640/http://cfcc.edu/martech/courses/msc160/Readings/Drake2005.pdf https://www.space.com/17048-water-on-mars.html Image sources:- Iván Éder / CC BY-SA (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) By Percival Lowell - Яков Перельман - "Далёкие миры". СПб, типография Сойкина (English transliteration: Yakov Perelman - "Distant Worlds". St. Petersburg, Soykin printing house), 1914., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1226256 By Mariner 4 - NASA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44326040 By Unknown author - Reconstructed from several online sources by Joe Haythornthwaite, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49296 By John Evans and Howard Periman, USGS - http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26818355 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center By ESA - European Space Agency & Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research for OSIRIS Team ESA/MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA - http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS, CC BY-SA 3.0-igo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56489423 By European Southern Observatory / M. Kornmesser - https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1509a/, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45343974 By Iván Éder - http://www.astroeder.com/digital/C17P_Holmes/20071104/17P_Holmes_20071104_eder_en.htm, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3119504 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_4#/media/File:Mariner_4_craters.gif By Frank E. Schoonover (illustration) - Here, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14933609 By Henrique Alvim Corrêa - drzeus.best.vhw.net, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5910407

Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky References:- https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Icar...19..341C/abstract https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/over-our-heads-a-brief-history-of-panspermia https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019asbi.book..419K/abstract https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/missions/stardust/ https://helix.northwestern.edu/article/origin-life-panspermia-theory Image Credits:- SIMS analysis of Primaevifilum amoenum, an Apex chert microfossil found in Western Australia, is interpreted to be a methane-consuming γ-Proteobacterium. Source: J.W. Schopf, UCLA. https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/articles/2018/1/18/life-on-earth-arose-early-and-diversified-rapidly/index.html https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1866-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hills#/media/File:Quartz-pebble_metaconglomerate_(Jack_Hills_Quartzite,_Archean,_2.65_to_3.05_Ga;_Jack_Hills,_Western_Australia)_2.jpg https://theconversation.com/how-we-discovered-the-worlds-oldest-fossils-73802 By Paul Harrison - Photograph taken by Paul Harrison (Reading, UK) using a Sony CyberShot DSC-H1 digital camera., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=714512 By Didier Descouens - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15944367 By Ruth Ellison - https://www.flickr.com/photos/laruth/153584043/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1073339

Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza If you like our videos, check out Leila s youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist. References: http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150701-the-origin-of-the-air-we-breathe  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717284/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1183582/  https://science.sciencemag.org/content/160/3829/729 https://sci-hub.do/10.1126/science.160.3829.729  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qERdL8uHSgI&feature=emb_logo  https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/NSFE_304650_7.pdf  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/types-of-metabolism/  https://sci-hub.do/10.2475/ajs.s4-23.135.187  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/  https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HqGWEAnByeMC&pg=PA255&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226483301_The_Evolution_of_Chlorophylls_and_Photosynthesis   https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/8%3A_Microbial_Evolution_Phylogeny_and_Diversity/8.09%3A_Nonproteobacteria_Gram-Negative_Bacteria/8.9B%3A_Anoxygenic_Photosynthetic_Bacteria https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41576896_Evolution_of_Minerals/link/0f3175387497ed308d000000/download https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119382508.ch3 Image Credits (in order of appearance): Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc., CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons By James St. John - Jaspilite banded iron formation (Soudan Iron-Formation, Neoarchean, ~2.69 Ga; Stuntz Bay Road outcrop, Soudan Underground State Park, Soudan, Minnesota, USA) 53, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41251871 By James St. John - Jaspilite banded iron formation (Soudan Iron-Formation, Neoarchean, ~2.69 Ga; Stuntz Bay Road outcrop, Soudan Underground State Park, Soudan, Minnesota, USA) 53, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41251871 James St. John, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons James St. John, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons By Yanenming - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25647440 By Bäras - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2840543 By McGhiever - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33618499 By Zosma - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10887879 By John Sweeney - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18605199 By Abrget47j - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29864282 By Mhsheikholeslami - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91982743 By James St. John - Tillite (Coleman Member, Gowganda Formation, Paleoproterozoic, ~2.3 Ga; Straight Lake West roadcut, north of Temagami, Ontario, Canada) 10, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84647970 James St. John, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons James St. John, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons By Oleg Kuznetsov - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89577421 Life restoration of Mimoperadectes. By Jorge González - Horovitz I, Martin T, Bloch J, Ladevèze S, Kurz C, et al. (2009) Cranial Anatomy of the Earliest Marsupials and the Origin of Opossums. PLoS ONE 4(12): e8278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008278.g006, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8760185

Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza If you like our videos, check out Leila s youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist. Image credits: Mimoperadectes By Jorge González - Horovitz I, Martin T, Bloch J, Ladevèze S, Kurz C, et al. (2009) Cranial Anatomy of the Earliest Marsupials and the Origin of Opossums. PLoS ONE 4(12): e8278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008278.g006, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8760185 Snowball Earth Oleg Kuznetsov - 3depix -  http://3depix.com/, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Cyanobacteria By CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35480947 Oviraptor By Jordi Payà from Barcelona, Catalonia - IMG_1215&039;Uploaded by FunkMonk, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13528130 Oviraptor skull By Jaime A. Headden - https://qilong.wordpress.com/2011/06/05/better-know-an-oviraptorid-the-first-egg-thief/, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43149014 Megazostrodon Reconstruction By Theklan - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57277071 Coryphodon By Jonathan Chen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79994238 Amoeba By Cymothoa exigua - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24395008 University of Bonn Electorial Building By I, Der Wolf im Wald, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2462942 Poppelsdorfer Alle By Itamar Medeiros - Imported from 500px (archived version) by the Archive Team. (detail page), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71280017  Chloroplasts visible in the cells of Bryum capillare By Des_Callaghan - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35894254 Liverwort_chloroplasts By Smith609 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4487231 Oxpecker on Impala By Charles James Sharp - Self-photographed, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67815562 Oxpecker on mammal By Prosthetic Head - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48532556 Yellow-billed oxpecker on a wildebeest By Lip Kee Yap from Singapore, Republic of Singapore - Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus africanus), CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5267777  A disruptively patterned white-spotted puffer being cleaned by a conspicuously coloured Hawaiian cleaner wrasse.  By Brocken Inaglory - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10477834  Remora By RyanSomma - originally uploaded to Flickr as Common Remora, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11066367 Nurse shark with remoras Duncan Wright (User:Sabine s Sunbird), CC BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, via Wikimedia Commons Chlorophyll Cells By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh - Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1350193 Amobe By Picturepest - Amöbe? 400x, 12my - Fokalebene 1, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39164966 Chrondocyte By Robert M. Hunt - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7194969 A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell.  By IP69.226.103.13 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8093704  Cellular universe By Annaleida - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44980851 Human Cheek Cells stained with Methylene Blue under 400x magnification By Fritzmann2002 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64616939  Cèl·lules de la mucosa bucal. By Pere López Brosa, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71049970  Dolly the sheep By Paul Hudson from United Kingdom - National Museum of Scotland, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83267384 black widow By Ken-ichi Ueda - https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/121, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74873884 Cell division by 42 By Egelberg - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22558546 Spermatozoa By Vasin-ks - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45364328 Meosis By Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc. - Author&039;s archive, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31034009 Mitochondrion By Kelvinsong; modified by Sowlos - Own work based on: Mitochondrion mini.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27731882

Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Leila s video on space telescopes:- https://youtu.be/gDSbhS1YSx4 Image credits:- Devonianscene.jpg: Eduard Riou (1838-1900) from The World Before the Deluge 1872, United Statesderivative work: Rursus, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons An artist s rendering of the 380 million-year-old forest at Gilboa, New York. (Image: Frank Mannolini) Photograph: Charles Ver Straeten/PA Photograph: William Stein/Christopher Berry/PA References:- https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/12/scientists-have-discovered-world-s-oldest-forest-and-its-radical-impact-life https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/accumulating-glitches/the_first_forests/ https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.php https://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/the-industrial-landscape-of-the-black-country/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5041001/ https://u.osu.edu/bhanr/2016/08/22/what-there-are-three-different-types-of-photosynthesis/ http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=4609 https://geoera.eu/blog/movile-cave-romania/ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150904-the-bizarre-beasts-living-in-romanias-poison-cave https://bcgs.info/pub/local-geology/black-country-geology/

Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza If you like our videos, check out Leila s youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist. References: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-origins-of-viruses-14398218/ https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00523/full https://www.ft.com/content/8009dad5-9665-4602-b61c-2a294f781568 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/endogenous-retroviruses/ https://www.ancient.eu/Antonine_Plague/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M3L_Kykl6w https://elifesciences.org/articles/12704 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/galen.shtml http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2012/issue127a/ http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/presentations/The-human-genome-and-what-we-do-with-it.pdf Image credits: Roman relief By Rabax63 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62640557 Surgical Roman instruments By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/da/ca/54b9d8e72d8093b330b5c708356d.jpgGallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0003939.htmlWellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-02): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/buh7dcjy CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35866346 Antonine Plague By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/70/48/4b5c28e57609137dd2009ae490f2.jpgGallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/V0010664.htmlWellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-03): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/p8gxfxrp CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36456028 Smallpox Virus De Dr Graham Beards at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36392524 Mimivirus By Sarah Duponchel and Matthias G. Fischer - extracted from this Commons file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90252786 Coccoliphore By Robin Mejia. Image courtesy Dr. Alison Taylor. - [1] doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001087, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99404892 coccolithophores virus by By DHRUVA SRINIVAS - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56029401 Diversity of coccolithophores By Monteiro, F.M., Bach, L.T., Brownlee, C., Bown, P., Rickaby, R.E., Poulton, A.J., Tyrrell, T., Beaufort, L., Dutkiewicz, S., Gibbs, S. and Gutowska, M.A. - https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/7/e1501822, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91145677 Coccolithophore By ja:User:NEON / commons:User:NEON_ja - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1574059 Human Genome Project By National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from Bethesda, MD, USA - Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52360074 Eckard Wimmer By SummerWillow - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25635799 Pythovirus By Pavel Hrdlička, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31465816 Electron Bacteriophages By Dr Graham Beards - en:Image:Phage.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5035798

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/historyoftheearth. It s an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/explore/history Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Video edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narration by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky References: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-biodiversity-earth.html https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/5/29/17386112/all-life-on-earth-chart-weight-plants-animals-pnas  https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/biodiversity/prokaryotes-bacteria-archaea-2/  https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4991899/ Image/video credits:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acti1000.webm Credit - Jon Houseman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amoeba_proteus.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_muelleri.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_dividing.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_muelleri_at_1000X.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amoeba_engulfing_diatom.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium#/media/File:Инфузория_туфелька_поедает_бактерии!.gif Credit - Chingiz 2023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Movie_of_Rotifer,_feeding_(probably_of_the_genus_Cephalodella).theora.ogv Credit - Vincent van Zeijst https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feeding_rotifer.ogv Credit - NotFromUtrecht

FIRST VIDEO: https://youtu.be/XSCrSkK2HcQ CHANNEL LINK: https://youtube.com/channel/UCtRFmSyL4fSLQkn-wMqlmdA THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/historyoftheearth. It s an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/nature ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza Art by Khail Kupsky Map by Adriano Bezerra ****REFERENCES IN A PINNED COMMENT**** Thanks to A. El Albani for the use of his videos and images from the article "Organism motility in an oxygenated shallow-marine environment 2.1 billion years ago.": https://www.pnas.org/content/116/9/3431 If you like our videos, check out Leila s Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist, stock footage from Videoblocks. Image Credits: Kola Borehole Building By Andre Belozeroff - Страница автора на Panoramio.com, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6822548 Drill Bit By Urfin7 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74986137 Drill bits By Geolina163 - Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25732598 MOHO map By AllenMcC. - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25709592 2 billion year old rock By Anders Damberg, Geological Survey of Sweden SGU from Sweden - Värmland, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17420427francevillian biota microbial community By Benoit Potin - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45300482 Pierrlate nuclear By Marianne Casamance - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50711193 Urananite By Geomartin - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6612845 Shield Volcano Ethopia By Hervé Sthioul - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1637081 Colombia supercontinent By Celiayangyy - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63938078 Banded Iron Formations By James St. John - Jaspilite banded iron formation (Soudan Iron-Formation, Neoarchean, ~2.69 Ga; Stuntz Bay Road outcrop, Soudan Underground State Park, Soudan, Minnesota, USA) 53, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41251871 Banded Iron Formation Fortescue Falls By Graeme Churchard from Bristol, UK - Dales Gorge Uploaded by PDTillman, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30889569 Stanley Tyler Photo: Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Fair use) Elsa Barghorn image (fair use) Tree Fossil from Carboniferous By Michael C. Rygel - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11232561 Stromatolites By James St. John (jsj1771) https://www.flickr.com/people/jsjgeology/ - https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/8363773070/sizes/o/in/set-72157632477572336/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27162039 Stromatolite CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27162039 Gunflint range Stromatolite By James St. John (jsj1771) https://www.flickr.com/people/jsjgeology/ - https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/8363773070/sizes/o/in/set-72157632477572336/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27162039 Modern stromatolite By Paul Harrison - Photograph taken by Paul Harrison (Reading, UK) using a Sony CyberShot DSC-H1 digital camera., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=714512 Franceville Biota By Ventus55 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33158470 Anthracite Coal By Amcyrus2012 - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37728088Anthracite Coal By Amcyrus2012 - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37728099 Gunflint Microfossils Alleon, J. et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga Gunflint organic microfossils as a function of temperature and mineralogy. Nat. Commun. 7:11977 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11977 (2016).Cyanobacteria By CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35480947 Franceville Biota Microfossils El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Riboulleau A, Rollion Bard C, et al., CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Kola borehole sealed shut By Rakot13 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=210297482012 Kola borehole By Bigest - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20538061 Subduction Image By KDS4444 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49035989

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/historyoftheearth. It s an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/nature Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Video edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narration by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Subscribe to History of the Universe:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtRFmSyL4fSLQkn-wMqlmdA References: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&q=Rogers,+John+J.+W.,+and+M.+Santosh.[…]tinents.+Oxford++Oxford+UP,+2004.+Print.&pg=PP1&redir_esc=y https://geography.name/continentality/ https://www.culturematters.org.uk/index.php/culture/science/item/2153-godless-revolutionary-the-life-and-work-of-alexander-von-humboldt https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-evolution-of-continental-crust-2005-07/ https://www.planetary.org/articles/the-venus-controversy https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast06oct_1 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/a-geologists-dream-the-lost-continent-of-lemuria/ https://archive.org/details/TheosophyAModernRevivalOfAncientWisdom/page/n1/mode/2up http://www.scotese.com/ Image credits:- Daderot - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glossopteris_sp.,_seed_ferns,_Permian_-_Triassic_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01765.JPG USGS- https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/crust/maps.php http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/fire.html en:User:Booyabazooka - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/Oceanic-continental_convergence_Fig21oceancont.svg Jo Weber - Foto des alpidischen Gebirgsgürtels DiBgd - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda#/media/File:AlamosaurusDB.jpg NASA / USGS - http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/maps/1299005988110004007.109767.jpg

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/historyoftheearth. It s an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/nature Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Video edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narration by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Subscribe to History of the Universe:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtRFmSyL4fSLQkn-wMqlmdA

The first 100 people to go to https://www.blinkist.com/HistoryoftheEarth are going to get unlimited access for 1 week to try it out. You ll also get 25% off the full membership. The 7-day trial is completely free and you can cancel at any time during that period. Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Video edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narration by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Subscribe to History of the Universe:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtRFmSyL4fSLQkn-wMqlmdA Image Credits:- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037073811001527?via%3Dihub https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/637946 - Justin Tweet L. Miao, M. Moczydłowska, S. Zhu, M. Zhu, New record of organic-walled, morphologically distinct microfossils from the late Paleoproterozoic Changcheng Group in the Yanshan Range, North China, Precambrian Research (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.019 Evidence for eukaryotic diversification in the ∼1800 million-year-old Changzhougou Formation, North China D.M. Lamba,∗, S.M. Awramika, D.J. Chapmanb, S. Zhuc Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic depositsEmmanuelle J. Javaux1, Craig P. Marshall2 & Andrey Bekker3 Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes Author(s): Nicholas J. Butterfield Bicellum Brassieri -Paul K. Strother, Martin D. Brasier, David Wacey, Leslie Timpe,Martin Saunders, Charles H. Wellman Dictyosphaera- Heda Agić, Małgorzata Moczydłowska and Lei-Ming Yin A Morphological and Geochemical Investigation of Grypania spiralis: Implications for Early Earth Evolution Miles Anthony Henderson Zachary R. Adam1,2, Mark L. Skidmore1, David W. Mogk1, and Nicholas J. Butterfield3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acti1000.webm Credit - Jon Houseman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amoeba_proteus.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_muelleri.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_dividing.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor_muelleri_at_1000X.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amoeba_engulfing_diatom.ogv Credit - Deuterostome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium#/media/File:Инфузория_туфелька_поедает_бактерии!.gif Credit - Chingiz 2023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Movie_of_Rotifer,_feeding_(probably_of_the_genus_Cephalodella).theora.ogv Credit - Vincent van Zeijst https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feeding_rotifer.ogv Credit - NotFromUtrecht

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/historyoftheearth_0222 and use code HISTORYOFTHEEARTH to save 25% off today, that’s only $14.99 a year. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video. ----------------------- Researched and Written by Leila Battison Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza Art by Khail Kupsky Maps by Adriano Bezerra If you like our videos, check out Leila s Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist, stock footage from Videoblocks. Image Credits: Gruinard Island By Kevin Walsh from Oxford, England - https://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/36190793/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2623790 Isle Royale By Tony Webster from Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States - Lake Superior Shore at Isle Royale National Park, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84671906 Copper By James St. John - Copper and silver (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-.1.06 Ga; Isle Royale Number 3 Mine, Houghton County, northern Michigan, USA), CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39951133 By James St. John - Copper crystals (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Franklin Jr. Mine, Hancock, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA), CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39951107 Laurentian Mountains By Josyan Pierson - http://www.josyan.ca, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=925886 Great Rift Valley By Redgeographics - Map produced from scratch using public domain source data, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57359214 Amethyst By JJ Harrison (https://jjharrison.com.au/) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7515666 Great Lakes By Philroc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54977685 Eukaryotes By Picturepest - Amöbe mit einverleibtem Rädertierchen - Fokalebene 3, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39165167 Cells Ojima K, Lin Z, de Andrade I, Costa M, Mermelstein C, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Beyeler J, Schnyder I, Katsaros C, Chiquet M, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Eukaryotic cells by Alexander Klepnev, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Cyanobacteria Asai H, Iwamori S, Kawai K, Ehira S, Ishihara J, Aihara K, Shoji S, Iwasaki H, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5 via Wikimedia Commons Red Algae By Dagoberto E. Venera-Pontón, William E. Schmidt and Suzanne Fredericq - [1] doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00652, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112754576 By Eric Guinther at the English-language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=188826 By Emoody26 at English Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3455016 Bacteria Fontana C, Lambert A, Benaroudj N, Gasparini D, Gorgette O, Cachet N, Bomchil N, Picardeau M, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 via Wikimedia Commons Bicellum images By Authors of the study: Paul K. Strother, Martin D. Brasier, David Wacey, Leslie Timpe, Martin Saunders, Charles H. Wellman - https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00424-3, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105582202 Somerset island By LawrieM - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63304454 Bangiomorpha images courtesy of Professor Nicholas J Butterfield Image of Black Sea Wreck courtesy of Dr. Rodrigo Pacheco-Ruiz/Black Sea MAP Back arc basin By Zyzzy2 at the English-language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22037184

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/historyoftheearth_0522 and use code HISTORYOFTHEEARTH to save 25% off today, that’s only $14.99 a year. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video. 00:01 Intro 08:55 Part l - More Than Mushrooms 23:53 Part II - Ultimate Partnership 38:53 Part III - Fungal Earth 50:24 Part IV - The First Fungi Written & researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ Video & script edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMq-bTjlaTZhaohEracnN6w Narration by David Kelly. Check out his channel:- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqoGR_EedlhKDVuWNwYWRbg Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza Artwork by Khail Kupsky Sources:- https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax7599 neoproterozoic canada northwest territories 1 billion years